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Perciformes

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Perciformes
Temporal range: Early Paleocene to present
Top: Dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus)
Bottom: Red velvetfish (Gnathanacanthus goetzeei)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Clade: Eupercaria
Order: Perciformes
Bleeker, 1863
Type species
Perca fluviatilis
Linnaeus, 1758
Suborders

Perciformes (/ˈpɜːrsɪˌfɔːrmiːz/), also called the Acanthopteri, is an order or superorder of ray-finned fish in the clade Percomorpha. Perciformes means "perch-like". Among the well-known members of this group are perches and darters (Percidae), and also sea basses and groupers (Serranidae).[1] This order contains many familiar freshwater temperate and tropical marine fish groups, but also extremophiles that have successfully colonized both the North and South Poles, as well as the deepest depths of the ocean.[2]

Taxonomy

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Formerly, this group was thought to be even more diverse than it is thought to be now, containing about 41% of all bony fish (about 10,000 species) and about 160 families, which is the most of any order within the vertebrates.[3] However, many of these other families have since been reclassified within their own orders within the clade Percomorpha, significantly reducing the size of the group. In contrast to this splitting, other groups formerly considered distinct, such as the Scorpaeniformes, are now classified in the Perciformes.[4]

Evolution

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The earliest fossil perciform is the extinct stem group-perciform[5] Paleoserranus (originally considered an early serranid) from the Early Paleocene of Mexico, but potential records of "percoids" are known from the Maastrichtian, including Eoserranus and Prolates, although their exact taxonomic identity remains uncertain.[6][7] The earliest crown-group perciform fossils are known from the Early Eocene, including the scorpaenoid Eosynanceja and platycephalid otoliths from New Zealand.[5]

Classification

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Classification of this group has long been controversial, with various families being placed in and out of Perciformes depending on the study. Only in recent decades, with the advent of molecular phylogenetics, has the classification of the family been largely resolved. Based on these studies, many suborders formerly placed within the Perciformes are better placed elsewhere in the Percomorpha, but former members of the Scorpaeniformes, Gasterosteiformes, and some members of the Trachiniformes (including the type genus) are now considered true perciforms.[8][9]

Present classification

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The following classification is based on Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes:[9]

Past classifications

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As traditionally defined before the introduction of cladistics, the Perciformes are almost certainly paraphyletic. Other orders that should possibly be included as suborders are the Scorpaeniformes, Tetraodontiformes, and Pleuronectiformes. Of the presently recognized suborders, several may be paraphyletic, as well. These are grouped by suborder/superfamily, generally following the text Fishes of the World.[3][10][11][12]

Perciformes display at the National Museum of Natural History.
Pomacanthus semicirculatus
Nelson 2016[12] Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2017[8]

Characteristics

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The dorsal and anal fins are divided into anterior spiny and posterior soft-rayed portions, which may be partially or completely separated. The pelvic fins usually have one spine and up to five soft rays, positioned unusually far forward under the chin or under the belly. Scales are usually ctenoid (rough to the touch), although sometimes they are cycloid (smooth to the touch) or otherwise modified.

References

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  1. ^ "Perciform - Form and function". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  2. ^ Thacker, Christine E.; Near, Thomas J. (13 March 2025). "Phylogeny, biology, and evolution of acanthopterygian fish clades". Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. doi:10.1007/s11160-025-09935-w. ISSN 1573-5184.
  3. ^ a b Nelson, J. S. (2006). Fishes of the World (4 ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9.
  4. ^ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 497–502. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
  5. ^ a b Near, Thomas J.; Thacker, Christine E. (18 April 2024). "Phylogenetic Classification of Living and Fossil Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii)". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 65 (1). doi:10.3374/014.065.0101. ISSN 0079-032X.
  6. ^ a b Cantalice, Kleyton M.; Alvarado-Ortega, Jesús; Alaniz-Galvan, Abril (1 April 2018). "Paleoserranus lakamhae gen. et sp. nov., a Paleocene seabass (Perciformes: Serranidae) from Palenque, Chiapas, southeastern Mexico". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 83: 137–146. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2018.01.010. ISSN 0895-9811.
  7. ^ Kriwet, Jürgen; Arratia, Gloria; López-Arbarello, Adriana; Parmar, Varun; Prasad, Guntupalli (1 January 2004). "Late Cretaceous-Paleocene percomorphs (Teleostei) from India - early radiation of perciformes". Recent advances in ….
  8. ^ a b Betancur-R, Ricardo; Wiley, Edward O.; Arratia, Gloria; Acero, Arturo; Bailly, Nicolas; Miya, Masaki; Lecointre, Guillaume; Ortí, Guillermo (6 July 2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 162. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.
  9. ^ a b Fricke, R.; Eschmeyer, W. N.; Van der Laan, R. (2025). "ESCHMEYER'S CATALOG OF FISHES: CLASSIFICATION". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 10 February 2025.
  10. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Order Perciformes". FishBase. August 2015 version.
  11. ^ "ADW: Perciformes". animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu. Animal Diversity Web.
  12. ^ a b J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 430–467. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
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